Learning flights in bumblebees

Female bees and wasps perform elaborate learning flights, when they leave the nest or a food source for the first times. They
memorise visual features of the surrounding environment for guidance on their return. We study the learning flights of bumblebees,
their structure and changes under different experimental conditions, to understand how insects learn. Because B. terrestris nests in
the ground and will collect nectar from low plants, it is possible to compare the learning flights acquiring information about the
nest and a feeding site in circumstances in which the visual surroundings of each site are very similar. Differences between nest
and feeder departure flights and learning may be related to the greater need of bees to remember the precise position of their nest
hole than the location of conspicuous flowers. We find that in contrast to female worker bees, male bumblebees always fly away from
the nest without looking back, in keeping with their indifference to the natal nest. They however perform learning flights when
departing an artificial flower that resemble those of females in their complexity and fixations of flowers. These differences in the
occurrence of female and male learning flights seem to match the diverse needs of the two sexes to learn about ecologically relevant
aspects of their environment.